8. Dhammasutta-(nāvāsutta)-vaṇṇanā

319.Yasmāhi dhammanti dhammasuttaṃ, ‘‘nāvāsutta’’ntipi vuccati. Kā uppatti? Idaṃ suttaṃ āyasmantaṃ sāriputtattheraṃ ārabbha vuttaṃ. Ayamettha saṅkhepo, vitthāro pana dvinnaṃ aggasāvakānaṃ uppattito pabhuti veditabbo. Seyyathidaṃ – anuppanne kira bhagavati dve aggasāvakā ekaṃ asaṅkhyeyyaṃ kappasatasahassañca pāramiyo pūretvā devaloke nibbattā. Tesaṃ paṭhamo cavitvā rājagahassa avidūre upatissagāmo nāma brāhmaṇānaṃ bhogagāmo atthi, tattha saṭṭhiadhikapañcakoṭisatadhanavibhavassa gāmasāmino brāhmaṇassa rūpasārī nāma brāhmaṇī, tassā kucchiyaṃ paṭisandhiṃ aggahesi. Dutiyo tassevāvidūre kolitagāmo nāma brāhmaṇānaṃ bhogagāmo atthi. Tattha tathārūpavibhavasseva gāmasāmino brāhmaṇassa moggallānī nāma brāhmaṇī, tassā kucchiyaṃ taṃ divasameva paṭisandhiṃ aggahesi. Evaṃ tesaṃ ekadivasameva paṭisandhiggahaṇañca gabbhavuṭṭhānañca ahosi. Ekadivaseyeva ca nesaṃ ekassa upatissagāme jātattā upatisso, ekassa kolitagāme jātattā kolitoti nāmamakaṃsu.

Te sahapaṃsuṃ kīḷantā sahāyakā anupubbena vuḍḍhiṃ pāpuṇiṃsu, ekamekassa ca pañcapañcamāṇavakasatāni parivārā ahesuṃ. Te uyyānaṃ vā nadītitthaṃ vā gacchantā saparivārāyeva gacchanti. Eko pañcahi suvaṇṇasivikāsatehi, dutiyo pañcahi ājaññarathasatehi. Tadā ca rājagahe kālānukālaṃ giraggasamajjo nāma hoti. Sāyanhasamaye nagaravemajjhe yattha sakalaaṅgamagadhavāsino abhiññātā khattiyakumārādayo sannipatitvā supaññattesu mañcapīṭhādīsu nisinnā samajjavibhūtiṃ passanti. Atha te sahāyakā tena parivārena saddhiṃ tattha gantvā paññattāsanesu nisīdiṃsu. Tato upatisso samajjavibhūtiṃ passanto mahājanakāyaṃ sannipatitaṃ disvā ‘‘ettako janakāyo vassasataṃ appatvāva marissatī’’ti cintesi. Tassa maraṇaṃ āgantvā nalāṭante patiṭṭhitaṃ viya ahosi, tathā kolitassa. Tesaṃ anekappakāresu naṭesu naccantesu dassanamattepi cittaṃ na nami, aññadatthu saṃvegoyeva udapādi.

Atha vuṭṭhite samajje pakkantāya parisāya sakaparivārena pakkantesu tesu sahāyesu kolito upatissaṃ pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ, samma, nāṭakādidassanena tava pamodanamattampi nāhosī’’ti? So tassa taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā tampi tatheva paṭipucchi. Sopi tassa attano pavattiṃ ārocetvā ‘‘ehi, samma, pabbajitvā amataṃ gavesāmā’’ti āha. ‘‘Sādhu sammā’’ti upatisso taṃ sampaṭicchi. Tato dvepi janā taṃ sampattiṃ chaḍḍetvā punadeva rājagahamanuppattā. Tena ca samayena rājagahe sañcayo nāma paribbājako paṭivasati. Te tassa santike pañcahi māṇavakasatehi saddhiṃ pabbajitvā katipāheneva tayo vede sabbañca paribbājakasamayaṃ uggahesuṃ. Te tesaṃ satthānaṃ ādimajjhapariyosānaṃ upaparikkhantā pariyosānaṃ adisvā ācariyaṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘imesaṃ satthānaṃ ādimajjhaṃ dissati, pariyosānaṃ pana na dissati ‘idaṃ nāma imehi satthehi pāpuṇeyyāti, yato uttari pāpuṇitabbaṃ natthī’’’ti. Sopi āha – ‘‘ahampi tesaṃ tathāvidhaṃ pariyosānaṃ na passāmī’’ti. Te āhaṃsu – ‘‘tena hi mayaṃ imesaṃ pariyosānaṃ gavesāmā’’ti. Te ācariyo ‘‘yathāsukhaṃ gavesathā’’ti āha. Evaṃ te tena anuññātā amataṃ gavesamānā āhiṇḍantā jambudīpe pākaṭā ahesuṃ. Tehi khattiyapaṇḍitādayo pañhaṃ puṭṭhā uttaruttariṃ na sampāyanti. ‘‘Upatisso kolito’’ti vutte pana ‘‘ke ete, na kho mayaṃ jānāmā’’ti bhaṇantā natthi, evaṃ vissutā ahesuṃ.

Evaṃ tesu amatapariyesanaṃ caramānesu amhākaṃ bhagavā loke uppajjitvā pavattitavaradhammacakko anupubbena rājagahamanuppatto. Te ca paribbājakā sakalajambudīpaṃ caritvā tiṭṭhatu amataṃ, antamaso pariyosānapañhavissajjanamattampi alabhantā punadeva rājagahaṃ agamaṃsu. Atha kho āyasmā assaji pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvāti yāva tesaṃ pabbajjā, tāva sabbaṃ pabbajjākkhandhake (mahāva. 60) āgatanayeneva vitthārato daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Evaṃ pabbajitesu tesu dvīsu sahāyakesu āyasmā sāriputto aḍḍhamāsena sāvakapāramīñāṇaṃ sacchākāsi. So yadā assajittherena saddhiṃ ekavihāre vasati, tadā bhagavato upaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā anantaraṃ therassa upaṭṭhānaṃ gacchati ‘‘pubbācariyo me ayamāyasmā, etamahaṃ nissāya bhagavato sāsanaṃ aññāsi’’nti gāravena. Yadā pana assajittherena saddhiṃ ekavihāre na vasati, tadā yassaṃ disāyaṃ thero vasati, taṃ disaṃ oloketvā pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā añjaliṃ paggayha namassati. Taṃ disvā keci bhikkhū kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘sāriputto aggasāvako hutvā disaṃ namassati, ajjāpi maññe brāhmaṇadiṭṭhi appahīnā’’ti. Atha bhagavā dibbāya sotadhātuyā taṃ kathāsallāpaṃ sutvā paññattavarabuddhāsane nisinnaṃyeva attānaṃ dassento bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti ? Te taṃ pavattiṃ ācikkhiṃsu. Tato bhagavā ‘‘na, bhikkhave, sāriputto disaṃ namassati, yaṃ nissāya sāsanaṃ aññāsi, taṃ attano ācariyaṃ vandati namassati sammāneti, ācariyapūjako, bhikkhave, sāriputto’’ti vatvā tattha sannipatitānaṃ dhammadesanatthaṃ imaṃ suttamabhāsi.

Tattha yasmā hi dhammaṃ puriso vijaññāti yato puggalā piṭakattayappabhedaṃ pariyattidhammaṃ vā, pariyattiṃ sutvā adhigantabbaṃ navalokuttarappabhedaṃ paṭivedhadhammaṃ vā puriso vijaññā jāneyya vedeyya. ‘‘Yassā’’tipi pāṭho, so evattho. Indaṃva naṃ devatā pūjayeyyāti yathā sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ dvīsu devalokesu devatā pūjenti, evaṃ so puggalo taṃ puggalaṃ kālasseva vuṭṭhāya upāhanaomuñcanādiṃ sabbaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ karonto pūjeyya sakkareyya garukareyya. Kiṃ kāraṇaṃ? So pūjito…pe… pātukaroti dhammaṃ, so ācariyo evaṃ pūjito tasmiṃ antevāsimhi pasannacitto pariyattipaṭivedhavasena bahussuto desanāvaseneva pariyattidhammañca, desanaṃ sutvā yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipattiyā adhigantabbaṃ paṭivedhadhammañca pātukaroti deseti, desanāya vā pariyattidhammaṃ, upamāvasena attanā adhigatapaṭivedhadhammaṃ pātukaroti.

320.Tadaṭṭhikatvāna nisamma dhīroti evaṃ pasannena ācariyena pātukataṃ dhammaṃ aṭṭhikatvāna suṇitvā upadhāraṇasamatthatāya dhīro puriso. Dhammānudhammaṃ paṭipajjamānoti lokuttaradhammassa anulomattā anudhammabhūtaṃ vipassanaṃ bhāvayamāno. Viññū vibhāvī nipuṇo ca hotīti viññutāsaṅkhātāya paññāya adhigamena viññū, vibhāvetvā paresampi pākaṭaṃ katvā ñāpanasamatthatāya vibhāvī, paramasukhumatthapaṭivedhatāya nipuṇo ca hoti. Yo tādisaṃ bhajati appamattoti yo tādisaṃ pubbe vuttappakāraṃ bahussutaṃ appamatto tappasādanaparo hutvā bhajati.

321. Evaṃ paṇḍitācariyasevanaṃ pasaṃsitvā idāni bālācariyasevanaṃ nindanto ‘‘khuddañca bāla’’nti imaṃ gāthamāha. Tattha khuddanti khuddena kāyakammādinā samannāgataṃ, paññābhāvato bālaṃ. Anāgatatthanti anadhigatapariyattipaṭivedhatthaṃ. Usūyakanti issāmanakatāya antevāsikassa vuḍḍhiṃ asahamānaṃ. Sesamettha pākaṭameva padato. Adhippāyato pana yo bahucīvarādilābhī ācariyo antevāsikānaṃ cīvarādīni na sakkoti dātuṃ, dhammadāne pana aniccadukkhānattavacanamattampi na sakkoti. Etehi khuddatādidhammehi samannāgatattā taṃ khuddaṃ bālaṃ anāgatatthaṃ usūyakaṃ ācariyaṃ upasevamāno ‘‘pūtimacchaṃ kusaggenā’’ti (itivu. 76; jā. 1.15.183) vuttanayena sayampi bālo hoti. Tasmā idha sāsane kiñci appamattakampi pariyattidhammaṃ paṭivedhadhammaṃ vā avibhāvayitvā ca avijānitvā ca yassa dhammesu kaṅkhā, taṃ ataritvā maraṇaṃ upetīti evamassa attho veditabbo.

322-3. Idāni tassevatthassa pākaṭakaraṇatthaṃ ‘‘yathā naro’’ti gāthādvayamāha. Tattha āpaganti nadiṃ. Mahodakanti bahuudakaṃ. Salilanti ito cito ca gataṃ, vitthiṇṇanti vuttaṃ hoti. ‘‘Sarita’’ntipi pāṭho, so evattho. Sīghasotanti hārahārikaṃ, vegavatinti vuttaṃ hoti. Kiṃ soti ettha ‘‘so vuyhamāno’’ti iminā ca sokārena tassa narassa niddiṭṭhattā nipātamatto sokāro. Kiṃ sūti vuttaṃ hoti yathā ‘‘na bhavissāmi nāma so, vinassissāmi nāma so’’ti. Dhammanti pubbe vuttaṃ duvidhameva. Anisāmayatthanti anisāmetvā atthaṃ. Sesamettha pākaṭameva padato.

Adhippāyato pana yathā yo kocideva naro vuttappakāraṃ nadiṃ otaritvā tāya nadiyā vuyhamāno anusotagāmī sotameva anugacchanto pare pāratthike kiṃ sakkhati pāraṃ netuṃ. ‘‘Sakkatī’’tipi pāṭho. Tatheva duvidhampi dhammaṃ attano paññāya avibhāvayitvā bahussutānañca santike atthaṃ anisāmetvā sayaṃ avibhāvitattā ajānanto anisāmitattā ca avitiṇṇakaṅkho pare kiṃ sakkhati nijjhāpetuṃ pekkhāpetunti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo. ‘‘So vata, cunda, attanā palipapalipanno’’tiādikañcettha (ma. ni. 1.87) suttapadaṃ anussaritabbaṃ.

324-5. Evaṃ bālasevanāya bālassa paraṃ nijjhāpetuṃ asamatthatāya pākaṭakaraṇatthaṃ upamaṃ vatvā idāni ‘‘yo tādisaṃ bhajati appamatto’’ti ettha vuttassa paṇḍitassa pare nijjhāpetuṃ samatthatāya pākaṭakaraṇatthaṃ ‘‘yathāpi nāva’’nti gāthādvayamāha. Tattha phiyenāti dabbipadarena. Rittenāti veḷudaṇḍena. Tatthāti tassaṃ nāvāyaṃ. Tatrūpayaññūti tassā nāvāya āharaṇapaṭiharaṇādiupāyajānanena maggapaṭipādanena upāyaññū. Sikkhitasikkhatāya sukusalahatthatāya ca kusalo. Uppannupaddavapaṭikārasamatthatāya mutīmā. Vedagūti vedasaṅkhātehi catūhi maggañāṇehi gato. Bhāvitattoti tāyeva maggabhāvanāya bhāvitacitto. Bahussutoti pubbe vuttanayeneva. Avedhadhammoti aṭṭhahi lokadhammehi akampaniyasabhāvo. Sotāvadhānūpanisūpapanneti sotaodahanena ca maggaphalānaṃ upanissayena ca upapanne. Sesaṃ uttānapadatthameva. Adhippāyayojanāpi sakkā purimanayeneva jānitunti na vitthāritā.

326. Evaṃ paṇḍitassa pare nijjhāpetuṃ samatthabhāvapākaṭakaraṇatthaṃ upamaṃ vatvā tassā paṇḍitasevanāya niyojento ‘‘tasmā have’’ti imaṃ avasānagāthamāha. Tatrāyaṃ saṅkhepattho – yasmā upanissayasampannā paṇḍitasevanena visesaṃ pāpuṇanti, tasmā have sappurisaṃ bhajetha. Kīdisaṃ sappurisaṃ bhajetha? Medhāvinañceva bahussutañca, paññāsampattiyā ca medhāvinaṃ vuttappakārasutadvayena ca bahussutaṃ. Tādisañhi bhajamāno tena bhāsitassa dhammassa aññāya atthaṃ evaṃ ñatvā ca yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjamāno tāya paṭipattiyā paṭivedhavasena viññātadhammo so maggaphalanibbānappabhedaṃ lokuttarasukhaṃ labhetha adhigaccheyya pāpuṇeyyāti arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ samāpesīti.

Paramatthajotikāya khuddaka-aṭṭhakathāya

Suttanipāta-aṭṭhakathāya dhammasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.