Exercising during pregnancy normalises eating behaviours in offspring

Maternal obesity in pregnancy changes the eating behaviours of offspring by increasing long-term levels of particular molecules known as microRNAs in the part of the brain that controls appetite ­– but this can be changed by exercise during pregnancy, a study in obese mice has suggested.

Fast food meal of burger and fries. Photo: Engin_Akyurt/Pixabay

Previous studies in both humans and animal models have shown that the offspring of mothers living with obesity have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes themselves when they grow up.

While this relationship is likely to be the result of a complex relationship between genetics and environment, emerging evidence has implicated that maternal obesity in pregnancy can disrupt the baby’s hypothalamus—the region of the brain responsible for controlling food intake and energy regulation.

In animal models, offspring exposed to overnutrition during key periods of development eat more when they grow up, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that lead to these changes in eating behaviour.

In a study, researchers from the Institute of Metabolic Science and the MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit at the University of Cambridge found that mice born from obese mothers had higher levels of the microRNA miR-505-5p in their hypothalamus—from as early as the fetal stage into adulthood.

The offspring of obese mothers chose to eat more specifically of foods that were high in fat, which is consistent with fat sensing being disrupted in the hypothalamus.

Dr Laura Dearden from the Institute of Metabolic Science, the study’s first author, said: “Our results show that obesity during pregnancy causes changes to the baby's brain that makes them eat more high fat food in adulthood and more likely to develop obesity.”

Senior author Professor Susan Ozanne from the MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Institute of Metabolic Science said: “Importantly, we showed that moderate exercise, without weight loss, during pregnancies complicated by obesity prevented the changes to the baby's brain.”

Cell culture experiments showed that miR-505-5p levels can be influenced by exposing hypothalamic neurons to long-chain fatty acids and insulin, which are both high in pregnancies complicated by obesity.

The researchers identified miR-505-5p as a regulator of pathways involved in fatty acid uptake and metabolism – high levels of the miRNA make the offspring brain unable to sense when they are eating high fat foods.

Several of the genes that miR-505-5p regulates are associated with high body mass index in human genetic studies, showing these same changes in humans can cause obesity.

The study is one of the first to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms linking nutritional exposure in utero to eating behaviour.

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