8. Kalyāṇasīlasuttavaṇṇanā

97. Aṭṭhame kalyāṇasīloti sundarasīlo, pasatthasīlo, paripuṇṇasīlo. Tattha sīlapāripūrī dvīhi kāraṇehi hoti sammadeva sīlavipattiyā ādīnavadassanena, sīlasampattiyā ca ānisaṃsadassanena. Idha pana sabbaparibandhavippamuttassa sabbākāraparipuṇṇassa maggasīlassa phalasīlassa ca vasena kalyāṇatā veditabbā. Kalyāṇadhammoti sabbe bodhipakkhiyadhammā adhippetā, tasmā kalyāṇā satipaṭṭhānādibodhipakkhiyadhammā etassāti kalyāṇadhammo. Kalyāṇapaññoti ca maggaphalapaññāvaseneva kalyāṇapañño. Lokuttarā eva hi sīlādidhammā ekantakalyāṇā nāma akuppasabhāvattā. Keci pana ‘‘catupārisuddhisīlavasena kalyāṇasīlo, vipassanāmaggadhammavasena kalyāṇadhammo, maggaphalapaññāvasena kalyāṇapañño’’ti vadanti. Asekkhā eva te sīladhammapaññāti eke. Apare pana bhaṇanti – sotāpannasakadāgāmīnaṃ maggaphalasīlaṃ kalyāṇasīlaṃ nāma, tasmā ‘‘kalyāṇasīlo’’ti iminā sotāpanno sakadāgāmī ca gahitā honti. Te hi sīlesu paripūrakārino nāma. Anāgāmimaggaphaladhammā aggamaggadhammā ca kalyāṇadhammā nāma. Tattha hi bodhipakkhiyadhammā bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gacchanti. Tasmā ‘‘kalyāṇadhammo’’ti iminā tatiyamaggaṭṭhato paṭṭhāya tayo ariyā gahitā honti. Paññākiccassa matthakappattiyā aggaphale paññā kalyāṇapaññā nāma, tasmā paññāvepullappatto arahā ‘‘kalyāṇapañño’’ti vutto. Evameva puggalā gahitā hontīti. Kiṃ iminā papañcena? Aggamaggaphaladhammā idha kalyāṇasīlādayo vuttāti ayamamhākaṃ khanti. Dhammavibhāgena hi ayaṃ puggalavibhāgo, na dhammavibhāgoti.

Kevalīti ettha kevalaṃ vuccati kenaci avomissakatāya sabbasaṅkhatavivittaṃ nibbānaṃ, tassa adhigatattā arahā kevalī. Atha vā pahānabhāvanāpāripūriyā pariyosānaanavajjadhammapāripūriyā ca kalyāṇakaṭṭhena abyāsekasukhatāya ca kevalaṃ arahattaṃ, tadadhigamena kevalī khīṇāsavo. Maggabrahmacariyavāsaṃ vasitvā pariyosāpetvā ṭhitoti vusitavā. Uttamehi aggabhūtehi vā asekkhadhammehi samannāgatattā ‘‘uttamapuriso’’ti vuccati.

Sīlavāti ettha kenaṭṭhena sīlaṃ? Sīlanaṭṭhena sīlaṃ. Kimidaṃ sīlanaṃ nāma? Samādhānaṃ, susīlyavasena kāyakammādīnaṃ avippakiṇṇatāti attho. Atha vā upadhāraṇaṃ, jhānādikusaladhammānaṃ patiṭṭhānavasena ādhārabhāvoti attho. Tasmā sīlati, sīletīti vā sīlaṃ. Ayaṃ tāva saddalakkhaṇanayena sīlaṭṭho. Apare pana ‘‘siraṭṭho sīlaṭṭho, sītalaṭṭho sīlaṭṭho, sivaṭṭho sīlaṭṭho’’ti niruttinayena atthaṃ vaṇṇayanti. Tayidaṃ pāripūrito atisayato vā sīlaṃ assa atthīti sīlavā, catupārisuddhisīlavasena sīlasampannoti attho. Tattha yaṃ jeṭṭhakasīlaṃ , taṃ vitthāretvā dassetuṃ ‘‘pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto’’tiādi vuttanti ekaccānaṃ ācariyānaṃ adhippāyo.

Aparena pana bhaṇanti – ubhayatthāpi pātimokkhasaṃvaro bhagavatā vutto. Pātimokkhasaṃvaro eva hi sīlaṃ, itaresu indriyasaṃvaro chadvārarakkhaṇamattameva, ājīvapārisuddhi dhammena paccayuppādanamattameva, paccayasannissitaṃ paṭiladdhapaccaye ‘‘idamattha’’nti paccavekkhitvā paribhuñjanamattameva. Nippariyāyena pātimokkhasaṃvarova sīlaṃ. Yassa so bhinno, so sīsacchinno puriso viya hatthapāde ‘‘sesāni rakkhissatī’’ti na vattabbo. Yassa pana so arogo, acchinnasīso viya puriso, tāni puna pākatikāni katvā rakkhituṃ sakkoti. Tasmā sīlavāti iminā pātimokkhasīlameva uddisitvā taṃ vitthāretuṃ ‘‘pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto’’tiādi vuttanti.

Tattha pātimokkhanti sikkhāpadasīlaṃ. Tañhi yo naṃ pāti rakkhati, taṃ mokkheti moceti āpāyikādīhi dukkhehīti pātimokkhaṃ. Saṃvaraṇaṃ saṃvaro, kāyavācāhi avītikkamo. Pātimokkhameva saṃvaro pātimokkhasaṃvaro, tena saṃvuto pihitakāyavācoti pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto. Idamassa tasmiṃ sīle patiṭṭhitabhāvaparidīpanaṃ. Viharatīti tadanurūpavihārasamaṅgibhāvaparidīpanaṃ. Ācāragocarasampannoti heṭṭhā pātimokkhasaṃvarassa, upari visesānuyogassa ca upakārakadhammaparidīpanaṃ. Aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvīti pātimokkhasīlato acavanadhammatāparidīpanaṃ. Samādāyāti sikkhāpadānaṃ anavasesato ādānaparidīpanaṃ. Sikkhatīti sikkhāya samaṅgibhāvaparidīpanaṃ. Sikkhāpadesūti sikkhitabbadhammaparidīpanaṃ.

Aparo nayo – kilesānaṃ balavabhāvato pāpakiriyāya sukarabhāvato puññakiriyāya ca dukkarabhāvato bahukkhattuṃ apāyesu patanasīloti pātī, puthujjano. Aniccatāya vā bhavādīsu kammavegakkhitto ghaṭiyantaṃ viya anavaṭṭhānena paribbhamanato gamanasīloti pātī, maraṇavasena vā tamhi tamhi sattanikāye attabhāvassa pātanasīloti pātī, sattasantāno, cittameva vā. Taṃ pātinaṃ saṃsāradukkhato mokkhetīti pātimokkho. Cittassa hi vimokkhena satto vimutto . ‘‘Cittavodānā visujjhantī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 3.100) ‘‘anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimutta’’nti (ma. ni. 2.206) ca vuttaṃ. Atha vā avijjādinā hetunā saṃsāre patati gacchati pavattatīti pāti. ‘‘Avijjānīvaraṇānaṃ sattānaṃ taṇhāsaṃyojanānaṃ sandhāvataṃ saṃsarata’’nti (saṃ. ni. 2.124; 5.520) hi vuttaṃ. Tassa pātino sattassa taṇhādisaṃkilesattayato mokkho etenāti pātimokkho. ‘‘Kaṇṭhekālo’’tiādīnaṃ viyassa samāsasiddhi veditabbā.

Atha vā pāteti vinipāteti dukkheti pāti, cittaṃ. Vuttañhi ‘‘cittena nīyati loko, cittena parikassatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.62). Tassa pātino mokkho etenāti pātimokkho. Patati vā etena apāyadukkhe saṃsāradukkhe cāti pāti, taṇhādisaṃkileso. Vuttañhi ‘‘taṇhā janeti purisaṃ (saṃ. ni. 1.56-57), taṇhādutiyo puriso’’ti (itivu. 15, 105; cūḷani. pārāyanānugītigāthāniddesa 107) ca ādi. Tato pātito mokkhoti pātimokkho. Atha vā patati etthāti pāti, cha ajjhattikāni bāhirāni ca āyatanāni. Vuttañhi ‘‘chasu loko samuppanno, chasu kubbati santhava’’nti (saṃ. ni. 1.70). Tato chaajjhattikabāhirāyatanasaṅkhātato pātito mokkhoti pātimokkho. Atha vā pāto vinipāto assa atthīti pātī, saṃsāro. Tato mokkhoti pātimokkho. Atha vā sabbalokādhipatibhāvato dhammissaro bhagavā patīti vuccati, muccati etenāti mokkho, patino mokkho tena paññattattāti patimokkho, patimokkho eva pātimokkho. Sabbaguṇānaṃ vā mūlabhāvato uttamaṭṭhena pati ca so yathāvuttaṭṭhena mokkho cāti patimokkho, patimokkho eva pātimokkho. Tathā hi vuttaṃ ‘‘pātimokkhanti mukhametaṃ pamukhameta’’nti (mahāva. 135) vitthāro.

Atha vā paiti pakāre, atīti accantatthe nipāto. Tasmā pakārehi accantaṃ mokkhetīti pātimokkho. Idañhi sīlaṃ sayaṃ tadaṅgavasena, samādhisahitaṃ paññāsahitañca vikkhambhanavasena samucchedavasena ca accantaṃ mokkheti mocetīti pātimokkhaṃ. Pati pati mokkhoti vā patimokkho, tamhā tamhā vītikkamitabbadosato pati paccekaṃ mokkhoti attho. Patimokkho eva pātimokkho. Mokkhoti vā nibbānaṃ, tassa mokkhassa paṭibimbabhūtanti patimokkhaṃ. Pātimokkhasīlasaṃvaro hi sūriyassa aruṇuggamanaṃ viya nibbānassa udayabhūto tappaṭibhāgo viya hoti yathārahaṃ kilesanibbāpanatoti patimokkhaṃ, patimokkhaṃ eva pātimokkhaṃ. Atha vā mokkhaṃ pati vattati mokkhābhimukhanti patimokkhaṃ, patimokkhameva pātimokkhanti evaṃ tāvettha pātimokkhasaddassa attho veditabbo.

Saṃvarati pidahati etenāti saṃvaro, pātimokkhameva saṃvaroti pātimokkhasaṃvaro. Atthato pana tato tato vītikkamitabbato viratiyo cetanā vā, tena pātimokkhasaṃvarena upeto samannāgato pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvutoti vutto. Vuttañhetaṃ vibhaṅge –

‘‘Iminā pātimokkhasaṃvarena upeto hoti samupeto upagato samupagato sampanno samannāgato. Tena vuccati pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto’’ti (vibha. 511).

Viharatīti iriyāpathavihārena viharati, iriyati, vattati. Ācāragocarasampannoti veḷudānādimicchājīvassa kāyapāgabbhiyādīnañca akaraṇena, sabbaso anācāraṃ vajjetvā ‘‘kāyiko avītikkamo, vācasiko avītikkamo’’ti evaṃ vuttabhikkhusāruppaācārasampattiyā vesiyādiagocaraṃ vajjetvā piṇḍapātādiatthaṃ upasaṅkamituṃ yuttaṭṭhānasaṅkhātagocarena ca sampannattā ācāragocarasampanno. Apica yo bhikkhu satthari sagāravo sappatisso sabrahmacārīsu sagāravo sappatisso hirottappasampanno sunivattho supāruto pāsādikena abhikkantena paṭikkantena ālokitena vilokitena samiñjitena pasāritena okkhittacakkhu iriyāpathasampanno indriyesu guttadvāro bhojane mattaññū jāgariyānuyutto satisampajaññena samannāgato appiccho santuṭṭho pavivitto asaṃsaṭṭho ābhisamācārikesu sakkaccakārī garucittīkārabahulo viharati, ayaṃ vuccati ācārasampanno.

Gocaro pana – upanissayagocaro, ārakkhagocaro, upanibandhagocaroti tividho. Tattha dasakathāvatthuguṇasamannāgato vuttalakkhaṇo kalyāṇamitto yaṃ nissāya asutaṃ suṇāti, sutaṃ pariyodapeti, kaṅkhaṃ vitarati, diṭṭhiṃ ujukaṃ karoti, cittaṃ pasādeti, yassa ca anusikkhanto saddhāya vaḍḍhati, sīlena, sutena, cāgena, paññāya vaḍḍhati, ayaṃ upanissayagocaro. Yo bhikkhu antaragharaṃ paviṭṭho vīthiṃ paṭipanno okkhittacakkhu yugamattadassāvī saṃvuto gacchati, na hatthiṃ olokento, na assaṃ, na rathaṃ, na pattiṃ, na itthiṃ, na purisaṃ olokento, na uddhaṃ olokento, na adho olokento, na disāvidisā pekkhamāno gacchati, ayaṃ ārakkhagocaro. Upanibandhagocaro pana cattāro satipaṭṭhānā, yattha bhikkhu attano cittaṃ upanibandhati. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā –

‘‘Ko ca, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno gocaro sako pettiko visayo? Yadidaṃ – cattāro satipaṭṭhānā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.372).

Iti yathāvuttāya ācārasampattiyā imāya ca gocarasampattiyā samannāgatattā ācāragocarasampanno.

Aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvīti appamattakesu aṇuppamāṇesu asañcicca āpannasekhiyaakusalacittuppādādibhedesu vajjesu bhayadassanasīlo. Yo hi bhikkhu paramāṇumattaṃ vajjaṃ aṭṭhasaṭṭhiyojanasatasahassubbedhasinerupabbatarājasadisaṃ katvā passati, yopi bhikkhu sabbalahukaṃ dubbhāsitamattaṃ pārājikasadisaṃ katvā passati, ayaṃ aṇumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī nāma. Samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesūti yaṃ kiñci sikkhāpadesu sikkhitabbaṃ, taṃ sabbena sabbaṃ sabbathā sabbaṃ anavasesaṃ samādiyitvā sikkhati vattati, pūretīti attho. Iti kalyāṇasīloti iminā pakārena kalyāṇasīlo samāno. Puggalādhiṭṭhānavasena hi niddiṭṭhaṃ sīlaṃ ‘‘evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kalyāṇasīlo hotī’’ti vuttapuggalādhiṭṭhānavaseneva nigametvā ‘‘kalyāṇadhammo’’ti ettha vuttadhamme niddisitukāmena ‘‘tesaṃ dhammānaṃ idaṃ sīlaṃ adhiṭṭhāna’’nti dassetuṃ puna ‘‘iti kalyāṇasīlo’’ti vuttaṃ. Sattannaṃ bodhipakkhiyānantiādi sabbaṃ heṭṭhā vuttatthameva. Puna kalyāṇasīlotiādi nigamanaṃ.

Gāthāsu dukkaṭanti duṭṭhu kataṃ, duccaritanti attho. Hirimananti hirimantaṃ hirisampannaṃ, sabbaso pāpapavattiyā jigucchanasabhāvanti attho. Hirimananti vā hirisahitacittaṃ. Hiriggahaṇeneva cettha ottappampi gahitanti veditabbaṃ. Hirottappaggahaṇena ca sabbaso duccaritābhāvassa hetuṃ dassento kalyāṇasīlataṃ hetuto vibhāveti. Sambodhīti ariyañāṇaṃ, taṃ gacchanti bhajantīti sambodhigāmino, bodhipakkhikāti attho. Anussadanti rāgussadādirahitaṃ. ‘‘Tathāvidha’’ntipi paṭhanti. ‘‘Bodhipakkhikānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanānuyogamanuyutto’’ti yathā yathā pubbe vuttaṃ, tathāvidhaṃ tādisanti attho. Dukkhassāti vaṭṭadukkhassa, vaṭṭadukkhahetuno vā. Idheva khayamattanoti āsavakkhayādhigamena attano vaṭṭadukkhahetuno samudayapakkhiyassa kilesagaṇassa idheva imasmiṃyeva attabhāve khayaṃ anuppādaṃ pajānāti, vaṭṭadukkhasseva vā idheva carimakacittanirodhena khayaṃ khīṇabhāvaṃ pajānāti. Tehi dhammehi sampannanti tehi yathāvuttasīlādidhammehi samannāgataṃ. Asitanti taṇhādiṭṭhinissayānaṃ pahīnattā asitaṃ, katthaci anissitaṃ. Sabbalokassāti sabbasmiṃ sattaloke. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.

Aṭṭhamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.